These 2 questions from UPSC Geography Optional papers (1995–2026) fall outside the present syllabus of their paper – mostly from papers set on the older syllabus. We keep them here for completeness.
Each question ends with a code such as [2024/15m/3b] – the year, the marks, the word limit (where UPSC set one) and the question number in the paper.
Paper I
1 question
Discuss the contributions of Al Biruni towards the development of geographical knowledge. [1995/60m/6]
Paper II
1 question
Factors affecting innovation diffusion. [2012/12m/150w/5a]
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Last updated: 30 October 2026